Electrolytes
- Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L
- Potassium: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L
- Chloride: 98-107mEq/L
- Bicarbonate(Venous): 22-29 mEq/L
Glucose values
- Glucose(fasting): 70-100 mg/dl
- Glucose monitoring (capillary blood): 60-110 mg/dl
Blood components
Hemaglobin
- Male14-16.5 g/dl
- Female: 12-14 g/dl
Hematocrit
- Male: 42%-52%
- Female: 35%-47%
Iron
- Male: 65-175 mcg/dl
- Female: 50-170 mcg/dl
Red Blood Cells(RBCs)
- Male: 4.5-6.2 million
- Female: 4.5-5 million
Leukocytes: 4,500-11,00
Neutrophils: 1800-7800 cells/mm3
Bands: 0-700 cells/mm3
Eosinophils: 0-450 cells/mm3
Basophils: 0-200 cells/mm3
Lymphocytes: 1000-4800 cells/mm3
Monocytes: 0-800 cells/mm3
- The different types of blood components are ( packed red cells, plasma, platelets, albumin, prothrombin, and factor VIII)
- The different types of blood groups are ( O,A,B,AB)
- O : This is the universal blood donor. It can be a donor to ( O,A,B,AB). But can only recieve blood from O type clients.
- A : This type can act as a donor to (A,AB) but can receive blood from (O,A).
- B : This type can act as a donor to (B,AB) but can receive blood from (O,B)
- AB : This type can act as a donor to (AB) but can receive blood from (O,A,B,AB)
When you are giving blood make sure have the blood products at hand and everything prepared. Use a tubing and a 19 gauge needle for venous access. Make you check with 2 nurses before giving the blood to the patient. Start with normal saline (0.9% Nacl). At first run the blood slowly for 15 min then wait with the patient for 10-15min to check for any reactions. Recheck the vitals signs 15 min after the transfusion started. Also ask the client to report if he feels any pain over their kidneys. If there is a reaction to the blood transfusion make sure you STOP THE BLOOD TRANSFUSION ASAP!. Then you restart the normal saline back through line. Do not throw out the blood products. Save the blood container and tubing then return it to the blood bank. Draw blood sample from your patient for plasma, hemoglobin, and culture. collect a urine sample and send to the lab for hemoglobin determination and monitor voiding for hematuria.
1. Tonicity: concentration of a substance dissolved in water
2. Isotonic fluids: same concentration as body fluids (0.9%NaCL, lactated ringers,ringers solution,5% detxtrose in water)
3. Hypertonic solution: solute concentration greater than that of body
fluids( 10-15% dextrose in water, 3%NaCL, sodium bicarbonate 5%)
4. Hypotonic solution: solute concentration less than that of body fluids ( 0.45% NaCL)
5. ECF: extracellular fluid
